NMSCST Research Journal

THEORETICAL POWER OUTPUT FROM A FRACTAL SOLAR PANEL

Ronie V Bayron, Orlando R Rosauro — Tue, 03 Jan 2017 00:00:00 +0000

Solar energy is one of the most practical sources of free and convenient renewable energy in the tropics. Capturing this energy and converting it into electricity by a solar or a photovoltaic (PV) cell became commonly pursued in the field of physics, engineering, and renewable energy advocates for decades and in the recent years. The first and second generation solar cells were made in bulk design with the best efficiency ranging from 30 to 40% conversion. Related studies have shown, almost 70% of the losses accounted for thermalization, extraction inefficiencies and non-absorption of solar energy. These known losses can be drawn as a result of properties intrinsic to the material used and geometric design of solar cell. Understanding the wave nature of the solar spectrum and treating it as an electromagnetic wave, it is most viable that the said losses can be recovered using a geometric approach by capturing solar energy at its corresponding wavelengths. It was determined that by employing a fractal Sierpinskiâ€™s carpet as a PV cell design could theoretically improve the maximum efficiency 3.7 times than the conventional Euclidean PV cell. The effects were supported by related studies in Photonics and Fractal Antennas. Equations for the evaluation of the actual efficiency performance and maximum power point had also been established.

EMPIRICAL EQUATIONS RELATED TO ELECTRICITY GENERATION FROM SALT WATER: CONTRIBUTION TO RENEWABLE ENERGY

Orlando R Rosauro, Milben A Jumamil — Sun, 01 Jan 2017 00:00:00 +0000

This paper provides some empirical equations that pertain to electricity generation from saline solution. The data used in this study was taken from the Table of Conductivity vs Concentration for Common Solutions and from the laboratory results in salinity loss and voltage applied. The data on salinity and conductivity of sodium chloride (NaCl) were used in the analysis. The empirical equations derived in this paper showed that the basic electricity quantities, namely, voltage, resistance, and current are in a power-law relationship with water salinity. The power law relationships enable the computation of these quantities given water salinity. Resistance is in an inverse power law relationship with water salinity; salinity is in an inverse power relationship with a voltage applied, and current is in direct power law relationship with salinity. Laboratory-scale results as translated into mathematical models can be used as the basis for planning industrialscale salinity-based power generating plants. The prospects of establishing such power-generating plants in Philippine coastal communities are posed as a challenge to non-government organizations and rural cooperatives.

GENETIC PATTERNS OF Tridacna crocea IN THE BOHOL SEA

Maria Rio A Naguit — Tue, 03 Jan 2017 00:00:00 +0000

The genetic patterns of six populations of the giant clam, Tridacna crocea from reefs in the Bohol Sea was determined using mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase 1 (CO1) primers. Samples from the Spratly group of islands were included for comparison. Results showed a remarkably high level of haplotypic diversity but low nucleotide diversity. Hierarchical Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA) revealed fine scale genetic differentiation among geographical areas, however, within group analysis showed homogeneity in the Bohol Sea which indicates gene flow among the populations. This translates to MPA connectivity and highlights the importance of each MPA sampled as both source and sink of T. crocea in the Bohol sea and adjacent areas.

APPLICATIONS OF A BIVARIATE EXPONENTIAL DISTRIBUTION WITH LINEAR STRUCTURES IN FRACTAL STATISTICS

Roberto N Padua, Vincent T Lapinig, Johnny Mark M Bolante — Sun, 01 Jan 2017 00:00:00 +0000

This paper explores the properties of a bivariate exponential distribution with linear structures where the Pearson product moment correlation exists as proposed by Iyer et al. (2002). These properties were then used as the basis for constructing a Pearson-type correlation of the underlying fractal random variables obtained from the marginal distributions of the bivariate exponential distribution. A link function h (.) which defines the relationship between the correlation values obtained from the bivariate exponential distribution and the correlation values obtained from the bivariate fractal distribution whose fractal dimensions exceed 3 was obtained. The results were then applied to analyze the Philippine data on typhoons, casualties, and damage from 1960 to 2013. The results obtained by applying the link function h (.) revealed that while the estimated damage (D) and number of casualties (C) correlated significantly, the corresponding economic impact (X) and number of people affected (Y) were not. In order to link the latter two variables, information on the characteristics of the casualtiesâ€™ viz. breadwinner or not, are needed.

A FRACTAL APPROACH TO THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS

Milben A Jumamil, Elizabeth E Dablo, Socorro D Silada — Sun, 01 Jan 2017 00:00:00 +0000

This paper examines the documented HIV cases around the world as reported by the United Nations in 2012. A fractal analysis was performed to develop an epidemiologic model for the spread of HIV infection. As revealed the reported HIV cases do not follow a fractal model, rather, the logarithmic data transformation showed a lognormal distribution. The epidemiologic model developed assumed a normal distribution on the logarithm of the data and therefore, the spread of the disease is modeled as a Brownian motion with two (2) centers. The first center of the Brownian model is located at the original â€œoriginâ€ of the disease in Africa, while the second center is located in a Latin American country. The two (2) Brownian processes will eventually intersect thereby accelerating the spread of the disease. Both active and passive intervention strategies are discussed to halt the spread of the disease globally. The two (2) fundamental reasons which facilitate the spread of the disease are (a) migration of workers due to national economic constraints, and (b.) social and cultural stigma attached to the disease.

FRACTAL STATISTICAL STRUCTURE OF GLOBAL FOREST COVER

Claudito R Sabandal, Johnny Mark M Bolante, Gemma M Guigue — Tue, 03 Jan 2017 00:00:00 +0000

This study analyzes the fractal statistical structure of forest covers in countries across the globe with the end-in-view of determining the hidden factors that produced such a structure. Nature in its original state is fractal as evidenced by the predominance of smaller observations than larger observations. The study made use of the descriptive research design to determine the current state of forest covers all over the world. Data were obtained from the Global Forest Cover file of the World Bank. Countries with low forest covers are characterized by population pressures coupled with ineffective implementation of forest laws and regulations making such countries vulnerable to fast rates of deforestation. Moreover, these countries have natural topographies that are not suitable for natural forest growths or where population pressure exerts a great deal of influence on the rate of deforestation. Countries with high forest covers have low population and have in place some of the better-implemented forest regulations and laws.

TYPHOON ANALYSIS INTENSITY, DAMAGE AND CASUALTY RELATIONSHIP IN FRACTAL CONTEXT

Vincent T Lapinig, Johnny Mark M Bolante — Tue, 03 Jan 2017 00:00:00 +0000

The study made use of the descriptive design utilizing secondary data. The approximate histogram of the data was determined to probe the impact of the combined effect of frequency and intensity of storms on both damage and casualty. The histogram shows an exponential growth of the variable if there are lower values than larger values in a given data. The reported damage (D) and a number of casualties (C) of typhoons hitting the Philippines since 1960 were observed to obey an exponential distribution. The corresponding fractal random variables of these exponential variates were interpreted as X economic impact of the damage (D) and Y, the number of people affected by the casualty (C). While damage (D) and a number of casualties (C) were found to be significantly correlated, economic impact (X) and the number of people affected by the casualty (Y) were not. In order that these two latter variables be correlated, it is necessary to obtain more detailed information about the casualty (C), e.g., the casualty is a breadwinner or not. Likewise, the intensity of typhoons hitting a locality is not sufficient to predict both damage and casualty. The combination of frequency and intensity (how often a typhoon of certain intensity hits the locality) does predict both damage and casualty more efficiently.

FINDING THE HIDDEN DIMENSION OF GLOBAL INTERNET USAGE THROUGH FRACTAL ANALYSIS

Remegio L Amen, Wilson C Agot Jr., Orlando R Rosauro, Marilou A Gamas — Tue, 03 Jan 2017 00:00:00 +0000

Statistics revealed that the number of internet users in the world is increasing due to technological advancements. Technological advancement, on the other hand, is a function of the national economy. Highly developed nations, therefore, are expected to have more internet users than less developed economies. Fractal analysis is a contemporary method of applying nontraditional mathematics to patterns that defy understanding with traditional Euclidean concepts. This study employed a descriptive method of research and made use of secondary data from 198 countries (internet users) of 2014. Fractal analysis was used to determine the fractal characteristic of the given data. The histogram of the logarithm of the Internet Users across the world appears to be normally distributed. The phenomenon of observed internet users has already departed from the natural state. Analysis of the fractal observations revealed a tendency to diffuse towards uniformity in the use of internet all over the world so that cyber-communication will become the norm or standard through which countries will eventually exchange information.

GLOBAL PATTERNS OF LIVESTOCK AND ANIMAL GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSION LOCAL CHARACTERIZATION THROUGH FRACTAL ANALYSIS

Johnny Mark M Bolante, Reynaldo L Aleman, Erlinda S Pantallano, Cheryl B Cabrido — Tue, 03 Jan 2017 00:00:00 +0000

This study attempts to uncover the local social and demographic characteristics of countries that generate smaller and larger GHG from livestock production. The study employed the descriptive design utilizing data from the internet. Using statistical software (Minitab), the histogram of the observation was determined. If the histogram obeys fractal distribution, the countries with lower methane gas were analyzed. The countries with the least amount of methane gas emission were noted to have two main characteristics, namely: (1) livestock production in these countries are minimal or non-existent, (2) the economies of these States are not based on agriculture or animal production. Countries with the highest contribution of methane gas in the atmosphere, generally have the large animal production as industries. They also possess some or all of the following characteristics: (1) they are located in temperate zones with the exception of Myanmar and Vietnam; (2) poor manure management and utilization, (3) high livestock population, (4) most are well-developed countries with mechanized livestock farming. High methane gas emission from animal manure can be attributed to high livestock and animal production activities in the various countries and population pressure. Conversely, small methane gas emission of different countries results from low livestock and animal production activities.

EFFECT OF MUSSEL (Perna viridis) MEAL ON THE PRODUCTION AND QUALITY OF QUAIL (Coturnix coturnix japonica) EGG

Kean Kevin Y Munez, Vincent Paul H Gilbolingo, Wilson Nabua — Tue, 03 Jan 2017 00:00:00 +0000

This study aimed at evaluating the effect of Mussel or Tahong (Perna viridis) meal on the production and quality of quail egg. There were 48 Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) utilized in the study. The experiment was laid out in a Complete Randomized Design (CRD) with four treatments replicated three times. The levels of Tahong Meal (TM) concentration in the ration of the quails varied in each treatment; T1 0% (control), T2 (10% TM), T3 (20% TM) and T4 (30% TM). The following production performance and egg quality were evaluated in terms of Average Hen-Housed Egg Production (AHHEP %), Average Hen-Day Egg Production (AHDEP %), Average Egg Strength (AES g), Average Eggshell Weight (AEW g), Average Daily Feed Intake (ADFI g), Average Body Weight (ABWG g) and Average Feed Conversion Efficiency (AFCE g/dozen).Results revealed that the inclusion of Tahong Meal to the feeds of the laying quails had a significant impact on the Hen-Housed Egg Production, Hen-Day Egg Production, Egg Strength, Eggshell Weight, Body Weight and Feed Conversion Efficiency. Tahong meal supplies the daily calcium needs of the laying quails. However, only a maximum of 20% Tahong meal substitution can give an utmost strength of an egg. The 10% level of Tahong meal gave the highest egg production and contributed positive effect on the eggshell quality. The Mussels as indigenous shells in Panguil Bay will only be used as human foods but as a good source of calcium for the poultry egg production.

TIME SERIES ANALYSIS AND FRACTAL CONFIGURATION OF GLOBAL MEAT PRODUCTION OF PORK, POULTRY AND BEEF

Gerardo C Marsala, Johnny Mark M Bolante, Vincent T Lapinig — Tue, 03 Jan 2017 00:00:00 +0000

This paper aims to examine the meat production figures as individual time series, and intra-correlated time series. Both traditional autocorrelation technique and fractal methods were utilized to highlight the unique dynamics of global meat production. The study is anchored on the premise that the dynamics of the meat production data provides deep insights into the geopolitical-economic context in the global setting Production data for chicken, beef, and pork was obtained from United Nation-Food and Agricultural Organization from 1965 to 2015. The result shows that the increase in any of the meat production values would imply a corresponding increase in the other meat products. Apparently, the meat production values obtained over the years are really functions of the population growths experienced by all countries worldwide. The pork and poultry are considered staple meats in most parts of the world. Among the meat products, poultry meat production is the most erratic followed by beef production with pork registering the least erratic movement in the global market. Poultry meat production appears to be the most unpredictable compared to other meat product. The study concludes that poultry meat has the highest demand in the market than other meat products. The continual increases in demand of these meat products are due to inexpensive prices which make it more available to a lower class family. Development of poultry meat production is necessary to supply the demand for meat worldwide because it characterized with a short production period than other meat products. In contrast, pork and beef are more expensive which make it unavailable to a lower class family and has a long production period.

VARIETAL PERFORMANCE OF ADLAI (Coix lacryma-jobi L.)

Tue, 03 Jan 2017 00:00:00 +0000

This study aimed to determine the performance of Adlai Varieties grown in Caniangan, Tangub City. This experimental study was conducted at a total area of 286 sq. meters including canals. The area was divided into nine (9) plots. Each plot measured 3 meters by 6 meters. The study was laid in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with 3 treatments replicated 3 times. The experimental treatments were: T1-Gulian Variety, T2- Pulot Variety, and T3- Ginampay Variety. The data were analyzed through the Analysis of Variance. The results of the study revealed that the 3 varieties have no significant difference in terms of plant height, the circumference of the stalk and an average number of leaves. Gulian and Ginampay were harvested at 162nd day while the Pulot was delayed in maturity and it was harvested at exactly 6 months or 184 days. Ginampay Variety produced the highest yield of 3,413 kilograms per hectare. Gulian, on the other hand, registered a yield of 2,631 kilograms per hectare. Pulot had the lowest production with only 1,796 kilograms per hectare. All of the varieties were suitable in the area. Ginampay was the most profitable and had the highest return on investment.

OPTIMIZING THE FRACTAL COMPLEXITY OF THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT IN RUMINANT PRODUCTION

Johnny Mark M Bolante, Vincent T Lapinig, Reynaldo L Aleman — Tue, 03 Jan 2017 00:00:00 +0000

Meat and milk are the major products in the ruminant industry. Ruminant production can be harsh on the environment because it needs a large area to supply feed for this animal. This is the main cause of deforestation as the forest is converted into new pasture. This paper aims to characterize the agricultural ruminant production practices which either maintain or enhance the natural complexity of the environment. The study made use of a quasi-experimental design using computer-generated graphics. The pre-treatment design is a computer-graphic of a fractal figure called Seirpinskiâ€™s carpet (dimension =1. 892789260) as referred to by Mandelbrot (1983). This fractal configuration is arbitrarily colored green for a representation of the dominant grass species and red-yellow-orange colors for the other species grass. The result revealed that a thirty percent increase in the number of replanted patches, increase the fractal dimension by .01 which is considered a significant alteration of the natural environment complexity. This also means that when the number of ruminants is increased by 30% of their current number, the natural landscape complexity will be significantly altered.

ACCESS-QUALITY MODEL IN HIGHER EDUCATION

Jennifer W Tan, Rowena A Decena — Sun, 01 Jan 2017 00:00:00 +0000

The paper examines two (2) models for the relationship of Access to and Quality of Public Higher Education in the Philippines. The first model is the usual Feed Forward Quality Model where the inputs, processes, and outcomes of higher education are taken as sequential elements in the educative process. The second model is the Feedback Quality Model where the academic processes of an institution dictate the quality of inputs; further, the inputs go through the academic processes of the institution to produce a desired level of quality. Findings show that the Feedback Quality Model best fits the Philippine situation. The desired quality level is represented by the Philippine institutions which are highly competitive (selective admissionselective retention policies). Within this category, access is maximized by increasing retention rates through appropriate investments in the quality of the academic processes: faculty, facilities, curriculum, and student services. From the current state of Open Admission-Selective Retention of the public higher education institutions, the State needs to quadruple its investments on public higher education institutions if it wants to reach the ideal quality levels.

FRACTAL GRADING SYSTEM AND ITS USE IN THE PHILIPPINES

Rowena A Decena, Fe Sharon C Tubal — Tue, 03 Jan 2017 00:00:00 +0000

This paper proposes a new measure of â€œtypical performanceâ€ and examines its behavior in comparison with the traditional method of grading. The new measure is based on the concept of a fractal statistics. When one of the test scores become extremely low or extremely high, the values obtained by using the sample mean will be adversely affected. This type of grading system is not fair to the student because he is unduly penalized for a single bad performance. Likewise, he is also unduly rewarded for a single lucky performance. In order to correct this situation, we attempt to control the amount of â€œrewardâ€ a student obtains for a single lucky performance. That is, we do not put the same weight on a single high score as the rest of the scores, but we, instead, adjust this reward as a function of his consistency in class. The study made use of a simulation design using Monte Carlo methods. Outlier probability models are assumed so that student scores are generated from these models. Results revealed that a fractal grading system rationalizes the weights placed on examination scores as basis for the final marks given to students. The system uses the â€œworstâ€ performance as base score and adds a â€žrewardâ€ component based on his consistency in performance as measured by his fractal dimension. In contrast, the traditional grading system ignores the â€œrewardâ€ component and computes the final marks of students based on an averaging or smoothing process.

GOOD GOVERNANCE AND ECONOMIC GROWTH: TRACING THE PATH

Wilson C Nabua — Tue, 03 Jan 2017 00:00:00 +0000

This paper explored on the paths that link good governance and GDP of 16 regions in the Philippines. Both the direct link and the indirect path were measured. Tracing the indirect links utilized human development indicators to include literacy rate, poverty incidence, health index, and employment rate. The 2008 NSCB data were used in the path analysis conducted. Results showed that good governance directly accounted for 40% of the national income. The percentage contribution was tantamount to the regionsâ€™ inclusion in the top five high and bottom ranking of GGI and GDP. The indirect effects, on the other hand, contributed 33% of the GDP. As a whole, three-fourths of the countryâ€™s domestic output could be explained by good governance. The local chief executive is significant reformers to augment regional and national income and is proven in this study that good governance has a causative effect towards economic growth.

METHODS FOR EXTRACTING TRUE ABILITY AND CONFUSION IN STUDENTSâ€™ TEST SCORES

Rowena A Decena, Marilou M Abatayo — Tue, 03 Jan 2017 00:00:00 +0000

This paper explores a new method for extracting true ability and confusion in studentsâ€™ test scores. Employing an Eigen analysis, the test scores of the students in Test1 and Test 2 respectively, are processed using the covariance matrix in order to determine the true ability and confusion of the students. Considering that the students get high scores; when variations exist by getting a lower score in their Test 1 than in Test 2, the result appears to have a high true ability but with little confusion. However, if the latter test is lower than the first test, the outcome indicates that the students obtained high true ability as well as high confusion. Meanwhile, for the students with low scores; if their first test is higher than their second test, the students can be interpreted with little ability and very confused; and if their Test 1 is lower than their Test 2, the studentsâ€™ test scores are just a result of their guess works. On the other hand, if the studentsâ€™ scores in the first test are equal to their last test, the test scores reflect the studentsâ€™ true ability with no confusion. Hence, this concept is a realistic method of measuring the true ability and confusion of the students.

FRACTAL ANALYSIS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF STUDENTS IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE USING COMPUTER-AIDED LANGUAGE LEARNING AND DYNED SOFTWARE

Rowena A Decena, Jorge Basilisco, Ruth F Juanillo — Tue, 03 Jan 2017 00:00:00 +0000

This paper analysis the performance of students in English Language by the use of the Computer-Aided Language Learning and DynEd Software through fractal statistics. Employing the placement test results (pretest and post-test) of the students in JEEP Start Course (English Language) taken from the Records Manager of DynEd Software, the study discovered that the logarithm of students' performance, particularly in the post-test result of their English Language has departed from its fractality. The absence of the data from its natural state implies the occurrences of hidden dimensions in this study. With its fractal dimension of 1.72490, thus, two hidden dimensions were recognized viz. CALL method and DynEd Software are efficient in helping students to enhance their English Language proficiency. However, DynED software is far more effective when it is applied to students with average levels in English language. Therefore, in order for the DynEd software to have an optimum impact, students with average levels in English language will only be enrolled in the JEEP Start Course, however, two (2) hours laboratory use of the Dyned software will be integrated to Speech and Oral Communication Subject for the benefit of the studentry in general.